The process of litter decomposition plays an important role in producing important nutrients in the food chain and aquatic productivity of mangrove ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to determine the production of mangrove litter and its decomposition based on the density and cover of the mangrove canopy. The research location is in the waters of Bulang village. This research was carried out from June to July 2024. The method used is a systematic random method carried out in 20 sampling points. The research results found five species of mangroves, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrizha, Lumnitzera littorea, and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The production of mangrove litter was 11.46 g DW/m² and the highest mangrove decomposition was 55.30%. The overall average density was 1195 individual/ha with medium criteria and the overall average canopy cover was 60.03% with moderate criteria. The results of the correlation test between litter production and canopy density and cover showed a very strong and significant correlation with litter production.

The mangrove ecosystem is one of the ecosystems that has an important role in Indonesia's coastal areas, one of which is on Los Island. Los Island is located in Senggarang Village, Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands Province. Los Island is a small island with mangrove vegetation around the edges. This research was carried out in March-April 2024. The research location was in the waters of Los Island, Tanjungpinang City. The method used is the direct service method in the field. Determination of sampling locations was carried out using a systematic random sampling method. sampling from members of a population where the first element is selected randomly and the next element is selected systematically based on certain patterns. In sampling litter production, 10 points were taken at a distance of 200 m. Based on the results of the analysis of mangrove litter production, the average value of litter production during the 4 weeks of observation on Los Island, Tanjungpinang City was 38.24 g DW/m². In week 1 the average value of mangrove litter production was 72.12 g DW/m². In week 2 the average value of mangrove litter production was 74.67 g DW/m². In weeks 3 and 4, the average value of mangrove litter production was 72.86 g DW/m² and 93.30 g DW/m². The value of the mangrove decomposition rate is based on the results of the analysis of litter decomposition calculations with an average value in weeks 1 and 2 of 1.78 g/day, in week 3 of 1.70 g/day, and in week 4 a value of 1.87 g/day.

Sei Carang waters are a mangrove ecosystem area with a fairly wide area coverage, Sei Carang waters have mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to determine the level of mangrove density and production of mangrove litter in Sei Carang. This research was conducted May-June 2022 located in Sei Carang. Observation locations were determined by survey methods and point selection using purposive sampling. Then observations using line transects using a plot measuring 10x10 m. There were 6 species found at the study site, namely: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum. The most common types were found at station 1 where there were 6 of them, and at station 3 there were only 4 types. With density levels ranging from 1633.33 ind/ha to 2300 ind/ha. And also the highest litter production value occurs at station 3 with an average value of 7.21 (gbk/m²) and the lowest occurs at station 2 with an average value of 2.27 (gbk/m²), and the parameters of the Sei Carang waters are still relatively low. good for the life of the mangrove ecosystem when compared to seawater Quality Standards Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management, Attachment VII.

Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role both ecologically and economically. However, in Bintan Regency, their area has significantly declined due to development activities. This research aims to determine the productivity of the mangrove ecosystem in Busung Village, Bintan Regency, following the implementation of HKm. The study was conducted from April to May 2025 using a purposive sampling method with three observation stations, each consisting of three plots. Observations were made on litter production, decomposition, and mangrove crabs (Scylla sp.) parameters. Litter samples were collected using three 1×1 meter litter traps per plot, while decomposition was measured using litter bags, and mangrove crab samples were collected using foldable traps. Data correlation analysis between parameters was performed using Pearson correlation heatmaps and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show that litter production in the Busung Village mangrove ecosystem was dominated by leaf components (19.51 g dry weight/m² /10 days), with an average total production of 84.74 g dry weight/m²/10 days. Correlation analysis across the three stations indicated that mangrove crabs play a role in regulating mangrove litter productivity through their fragmentation/shredding activities, with varying influences depending on the level of human activity and environmental conditions. In areas with minimal activity (Station 1), an increase in crab density and weight significantly reduced the amount of litter. In fishing areas (Station 2), a healthy nutrient cycle was observed with positive correlations between parameters, while crabs controlled litter stock through consumption and fragmentation. In aquaculture areas (Station 3), the productive environment supported crab growth, although litter availability had less direct impact on the crabs.