The process of litter decomposition plays an important role in producing important nutrients in the food chain and aquatic productivity of mangrove ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to determine the production of mangrove litter and its decomposition based on the density and cover of the mangrove canopy. The research location is in the waters of Bulang village. This research was carried out from June to July 2024. The method used is a systematic random method carried out in 20 sampling points. The research results found five species of mangroves, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrizha, Lumnitzera littorea, and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The production of mangrove litter was 11.46 g DW/m² and the highest mangrove decomposition was 55.30%. The overall average density was 1195 individual/ha with medium criteria and the overall average canopy cover was 60.03% with moderate criteria. The results of the correlation test between litter production and canopy density and cover showed a very strong and significant correlation with litter production.

Pangkil Village is one of the areas located on the coast of Bintan Island, Teluk Bintan District. This island has an aquatic ecosystem with abundant marine resources, one of which is the mangrove ecosystem. Mangroves are the main supporting ecosystem for life activities in coastal areas that play an important role in maintaining the balance of environmental biological cycles. This study aims to determine the condition, distribution and density level of mangroves in the waters of Pangkil Village. This research was conducted in February-March 2021. The research method is purposive sampling, which means that the research station points are chosen intentionally based on the consideration of the condition of the existence of mangroves or the density of mangroves. The research station points were determined as many as 8 stations, at each station consisting of transects and at each transect consisting of 3 sample plot plots (Transect Line Plot). The density level data was collected using a line transect measuring 10x102 which was drawn from the sea to the land and the distribution of mangroves using lansat-8 imagery. The level of mangrove density in the waters of Pangkil Village is still quite good. The results of the research on the level of mangrove density in the waters of Pangkil Village are classified as good with the distribution of mangrove areas in the waters of Pangkil Village covering an area of 40.23 ha, with an average density level of 1,033 ind/ha per station to 1,733 ind/ha. with medium and solid status based on the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 201 year 2004.

Mangroves are vegetation communities that generally grow along the coastline and provide many functions ranging from ecological functions as habitats and economic functions as areas of utilization for humans. In the waters of Batu Licin Village there is an open mangrove area after bauxite mining, therefore it is necessary to conduct research on the level of density and mangrove regeneration seen from the presence of seedlings, saplings, and mangrove trees. This research was conducted in October 2024 in the waters of Kampung Batu Licin East Bintan, the method used in this study is purposive sampling which considers the area around the post-bauxite mine and the area that is still natural. By calculating mangrove density and analyzing the level of regeneration. At the research site found 8 types of mangroves such as Avicenia lanata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Rhizhopora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum, and Sonneratia alba. The density of mangrove seedlings on open land (post bauxite mine) has a high value with a value of 84,000 ind/ha, saplings with a value of 4,960 ind/ha, and trees with a value of 1,310 ind/ha are in the medium category. While on natural land for seedling density with a value of 54,000 ind/ha, at the stake level with a value of 5,240 ind/ha, and trees 1,760 ind/ha are in the very dense category. For the level of regeneration in the two areas is equally good because the presence of seedlings is more than saplings and saplings are more than trees.

Sei Carang waters are a mangrove ecosystem area with a fairly wide area coverage, Sei Carang waters have mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to determine the level of mangrove density and production of mangrove litter in Sei Carang. This research was conducted May-June 2022 located in Sei Carang. Observation locations were determined by survey methods and point selection using purposive sampling. Then observations using line transects using a plot measuring 10x10 m. There were 6 species found at the study site, namely: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum. The most common types were found at station 1 where there were 6 of them, and at station 3 there were only 4 types. With density levels ranging from 1633.33 ind/ha to 2300 ind/ha. And also the highest litter production value occurs at station 3 with an average value of 7.21 (gbk/m²) and the lowest occurs at station 2 with an average value of 2.27 (gbk/m²), and the parameters of the Sei Carang waters are still relatively low. good for the life of the mangrove ecosystem when compared to seawater Quality Standards Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management, Attachment VII.

Keter Island, located in Tembeling Tanjung Village, Bintan Regency, harbors a diverse mangrove ecosystem, predominantly composed of Rhizophora species. This study aimed to assess mangrove density at the tree level, evaluate vegetation cover, and determine the ecological status of the mangrove ecosystem based on its level of degradation. Field surveys were conducted to obtain an overview of ecosystem conditions, followed by systematic random sampling at sites within Tembeling waters where mangroves are distributed. The results indicate that mangrove tree density falls within the medium category, while canopy cover is classified as very dense with good ecological quality. Overall, the mangrove ecosystem on Keter Island is categorized as moderate, although it still displays favorable ecological characteristics. These findings suggest that while the mangrove ecosystem remains in a medium condition, degradation is ongoing, thereby necessitating further research and rehabilitation efforts. Given the vital role of mangroves in sustaining the ecological balance of small islands, direct monitoring and intervention by relevant authorities are essential to reduce degradation and ensure the long-term sustainability of the mangrove forest on Keter Island.